The Effects Of Anime And Related Products On The American...

Anime over the past few decades has decade increasing important in American society. This is important as anime and related products generate over 1/3 of international media revenue (Shirong Lu, 2009). For example, the English release of the Japanese mobile app, Pokà ©mon GO, has gone viral in the United States, with people young and old playing and catching Pokà ©mon. Every year in California, Anime Expo was held bringing over people from all around the world. This year there was overall turnout of over 300,000 people to the convention. Funimation, a leading supplier of anime across North America, has convert several animes since 1994, creating an English version for viewers to enjoy and broadcasting newly release shows. People daily cosplay, designing and creating outfits, dressing as different anime characters and attend different events. Anime has a huge impact today not only in the United States, in the several other countries around the world, converting into over 30 language s (Shirong Lu, 2009). It is important to see how people view race in anime since it has an international audience. Literature Review â€Å"You Are Not Alone!†: Anime and the Globalizing of America This article examines influence of cultural globalization within the United States in the 1970s and 1980s based on its popularity. The first half focuses on Animes from that time period, describing characteristics that was both Japanese and contained Western racial and gender hierarchies, letting it be acceptedShow MoreRelated The Globalization of Anime Essay3133 Words   |  13 PagesAnime is an art form as it expresses cultural phenomena about Japan and its people. Like most other countries, cartoon has existed in Japan throughout the 20th century and onward, which began with traditional drawings and comics that dealt with political, social, and historical themes. However, what separates anime from the rest is that the anime included a huge portion of Japanese culture within it. In every series that aired, they include special holidays like Natsu Matsuri—summer festival, teaRead MoreThe Production of a Manga Culture in France: a Sociological Analysis of a Successful Intercu ltural Reception4707 Words   |  19 PagesMobile and Pop Culture in Asia Gwangju, Corà ©e, octobre 2006 Introduction Manga and anime are now part of the cultural habits of different generations of French readers, and they are a major cultural space where images and meanings about Japan and Asia circulate. From the end of the 1970’s, intercultural relations with Japan developed mainly through this Japanese media culture1. The success of manga and anime contributed to a strong interest in different aspects of Japanese culture, but there areRead More Gender Roles in Japanese Culture Essay2946 Words   |  12 PagesGender roles are stereotypical labels placed on males and females within a specific culture. In addition, gender stereotypes for males and females are products of cultural aspects rather than their physical differences (Kincaid, 2013). As time inevitably progresses through history, a coherent pattern can be identified in regards to changes in gender stereotypes. These changes in gender roles are directly correlated with the alterations in societal advancement. The change s in societal and culturalRead MoreCaso 07 Hatsune Miku Japanese Virtual Idol Ignites Global Value Co creation8417 Words   |  34 PagesMiku software had been sold.7 In addition, Crypton licensed the rights to use Miku’s name and image to publishers, game makers, character goods producers and advertisers. In March 2012, Nomura Research Institute estimated that sales for Hatsune Miku-related This document is authorized for use only in Varios by Carla Taverna, Universidad Torcuato di Tella (UTDT) from January 2015 to July 2015. For exclusive use Universidad Torcuato di Tella (UTDT), 2015 Page 2 9B14M110 business (not counting softwareRead MoreViolence on Television Does Not Impact Behavior Essay3474 Words   |  14 Pages TV heroes endorse tanks of noxious,flesh-eating gas The complex age of elaborate laptops, portable color televisions in every room, and pocket radios the size of a basic calculator have all taken their toll on American society. In a furious outburst reflecting the contemporary society in which we live, television has come to represent all that is evil and wicked for our children. Through gruesome, explicit, and often unrealistic portrayals of death and violence, the impressionable clay of our childrensRead MoreStudy Guide9234 Words   |  37 Pagesbeyond commonsense reasoning and use evidence to really understand a topic. For example, students will say that they plan to marry for love, but society narrows the field; they are more likely to marry individuals of the same race, ethnicity, age, educational attainment, and social class. Making the familiar unfamiliar also helps to explain how society shapes our lives. Sociologists ask questions about those influences outside the control of individuals. For example, if someone is successful, isRead MoreSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 Pagesvalentine grams for friends just to show a little love. â€Å"I bought a rose for my friend because she told me she wanted one,† said senior Leann Nguyen. However, a slight drop in sales this year compared to previous years was noted and may be a possible effect of our country’s recent economic struggles, observed Shian. â€Å"Last year, we sold 50 grams. But I don’t think the number of sales exceeded that of last year’s,† said Shian on Chinese Club’s sales status. Even then, the Valentine gram sales succeededRead MoreProduct Placement10682 Words   |  43 PagesProduct placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s. In April 2006, Broadcasting Cable reported, Two thirds of advertisers employ branded entertainment—product placement—with the vast majorityRead MoreProduct Placement10670 Words   |  43 PagesProduct placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s. In April 2006, Broadcasting Cable reported, Two thirds of advertisers employ branded entertainment—product placement—with the vast majorityRead MoreTourism in the Philippines6497 Words   |  26 PagesTOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES Executive Summary Philippine Tourism indeed is one of the major contributors in our Gross Domestic Product. History shows that there are already long term developments of tourism in the Philippines that has been influenced by the interaction of both internal and external factors. Some of these factors include the relative attractiveness of the country over time, its proximity to markets, the availability of tourist infrastructure and superstructure, and the extent

Unusual Facts About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples

Unusual Facts About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples When something happens it causes an outcome. While deciding upon the subject, you've got to bear in mind that this specific event ought to have a cause and there ought to be some notable effects as a consequence of the cause. There are a lot of reasons that mean that recycling isn't done as effectively as it could, the principal problem being the attitude of the overall public. In summary, the consequences of obesity that are physical, psychological, and social can cause many difficulties, but the primary point it can provide many suffering and cause death. In summary, it's evident there are several causes of obesity amongst children, and a number of negative consequences. Secondly, overweight individuals are extremely unhealthy and frequently suffer from strain and tiredness. Among the effects is these drugs are affecting their brain and mental ailments. Another severe effect is that a number of these young folks may not have sufficient money to buy the drug, but as they're addicted to it, they would do anything to receive it. Additionally, business morality needs to be emphasised and penetrated by all firms. For instance, a person who pursues painting or blogging for a hobby will most likely have the ability to turn that into a lucrative career. As a consequence, science subjects appear to be less attractive to students in comparison with economics or business-related subjects. Once more, you will need to demonstrate your extensive wisdom and analytical mastery of the area. At length, you've got to examine the paper on multi ple occasions. The point is to lay down outline in a frame that's simple and quite easy to comprehend. Don't forget your time is limited and you don't wish to waste any of that attempting to develop an incorrect topic. For instance, it has been shown that an obese person should put more effort to finish some task than somebody with normal weight. Up in Arms About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples? It's a fact that smoking gives a sense of pleasure. The major issue is that there'll obviously be more people of retirement age who will be qualified to be given a pension. The problem of unemployment isn't a little problem that may be easily uprooted by the society. It might be the most serious consequence of unemployment to any society. In the end, the conclusion is virtually non-existent. In final words, it's unfair for the children to bear all types of pressure, and every portion of society should exert effort to supply them with a joyful youth life. Today the most fundamental problem that's engulfing the society is the matter of unemployment. The One Thing to Do for Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the real collection of the very best. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. This topic appeared in a new IELTS exam. There's one major issue with the five paragraph essay. Most importantly, all types of essay writing demands the writer to experience the essay few times before finalizing the content to make certain it is readable and concise. Once more, based on the content you must provide, the essay ought to be organized to suit your information efficiently and neatly. This essay employs the block structure. Don't be afraid to get in touch with our Essay Writing Service and skilled essay writers will gladly assist you with your assignment. The Most Popular Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples There isn't much produced for such individuals on earth. As a result of the arrival of technologies like the world wide web and the wise phone people are continuously glued to their screens. For example, it would be problematic for humans to generate newer smart phones with better functions. The very first component is the growth in junk food. In the event you need your custom made cause and effect essay accomplished by a non-native English speaker, you w ill earn that option and we'll provide you with a writer best suits your writing needs. Cause and effect is an excellent pick for those who wish to better their skills not just in writing but logical thinking also. Broadly speaking, there are 3 kinds of cause and effect essays. There's psychological effect too.

Health Literacy Capability To Gather †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Health Literacy Capability To Gather? Answer: Introducation Overview Health Literacy: Health literacy is the capability to gather information, read, understand and practice information and knowledge to make proper health decisions. Health literacy is helpful in simplifying information, circumventing waffle and encouraging patients to ask question. There are diverse factors affecting health literacy. These factors include health education material, clarity of the text, current health status of the patient, language discrepancies, culturally acceptable material, formatting and style of material, sentence structuring, utilization of illustrations and interactions during clinical procedure (Parnell, 2014). It is important for a healthcare professional to identify a patient with less health literacy. It is useful to provide care to patient which is understandable for the patient. It has been proved that for the patients with low health literacy, there has been improved health outcome, if provided care is tailored to their understanding. Health literacy can be provided to the patients in terms of correct medication use, correct dose and dosage of medication, utilization of health check-up, performing regular exercise and smoking cessation. Health education can be provided to the patients with the help of readable brochures and videos. These media proved effective in providing health education to the patients. Variety of tests including three minutes assessments, are useful for the evaluating capability if patients health literacy. Healthcare professional should intervene with patient on regular basis to understand insufficiency of health literacy in patient. Healthcare professional shoul d promote patients to ask questions. Patients like elderly, ethnic minorities, recent immigrants, and persons with low general economy are at high risk of negative impacts of insufficient health literacy. Hence healthcare professionals should give more attention towards such patients to reduce medication errors, to reduce frequent rehospitalisation and to reduce duration of stay in the hospital (Osborne, 2011). Along with reading about health and disease, health literacy should also consider cultural and conceptual knowledge. It should also encompass assumptions and language about health and disease. Communication skills in the healthcare sector should be compatible with language and culture. Communication in the healthcare sector should aim to reduce disparity in access of quality healthcare service. Interpreters have significant role in the health literacy and all human resources should be used to maximum extent. Cross-cultural work environment has prominent role in providing safe and quality healthcare. Health communication should be interactive process. Health literacy can also be described as set of skills, theory of behaviour change and social practice. Calgary Charter on Health Literacy stated that health literacy include reading, writing, listening, speaking, numeracy, and critical analysis, as well as communication and interaction skills. Benefits of health literacy include informed choices, of health service, lessened health risks, augmented prevention and wellness, improved navigation of the health system, increased patient safety, improved patient care, lesser inequities in health, and better quality of life (Zarcadoolas et al., 2012). Cultural and conceptual knowledge: Conceptual knowledge of health literacy comprises of fundamental literacy, science literacy, civic literacy and cultural literacy. Health literacy is a strategy for empowerment with crucial concepts and frameworks. These include basic or functional skills, communicative or interactive skills and critical health literacy. Health staff and health systems have significant impact on the health literacy of patients. Communication and assessment skills of the healthcare professionals have significant impact on the health literacy. This communication should promote shared decision making, information focusing on individual requirements and information which is understandable. Other stakeholders like media, marketplace and government agencies should provide information to patients in suitable manner. Health literate organisation status can be achieved by providing health literacy to healthcare workforce and giving priority for partnering with consumers (Mitic and Rootman, 2012). Health literacy can be defined differently for different stakeholders. Individual can attend health literacy applying skills to navigate, understand, analyse, communicate and use health information. Health care workers can be health literate by providing information to improve recognize and act according to the provided information. Health care organisations or systems can be health literate allocating indiscriminate, safe, easy and quality healthcare services and health information (Pleasant and McKinney, 2011). Health literacy in the context of language and culture : Health literacy is a integration of social and individual factors. Moreover, it is significantly affected by education, culture and language. There can be inequality in health literacy due to different cultures and diverse educational backgrounds. Difference in the education, culture and language between information provider and information user may also lead to problem in health literacy. Hence, health literacy is dynamic process rather than static process. Integration of health literacy and cultural and communication competencies at individual and organisation level can facilitate culturally responsive, equitable, safe and high quality healthcare services. It also promote effective communication and improvement in health literacy to enhance outcome in health services (Coleman et al., 2011). Health communication: Effective communication is helpful in equality in healthcare services and provision of safe and quality healthcare service. Insufficient health literacy is not only the problem of general population but also healthcare professionals may encounter this problem. Few healthcare professionals may not clearly explain health issues to the patients. Hence, such health care professionals should improve their health literacy before involved in patients health literacy. Even tough, both healthcare worker and patient are fluent in English, there may be ineffective communication due to difference in the cultural and conceptual aspects. Health communication is useful in solving complexities in the healthcare services and health promotion. It is also useful in the storing health information in the form of organisational intelligence for future use (Baker and Giles,2012). Miscommunication may lead to the lack of awareness and acceptance of culturally unacceptable aspects. Miscommunication between h ealthcare staff of different organisations may affect safety and quality of healthcare services. Along with linguistic and cultural factors, social and political contest also have significant impact on the communication in the healthcare sector. Hence, along with language barrier, others aspects like disempowerment and disconnection also should be considered for effective communication. Communication should also be established with patients outside clinical settings to facilitate better choices for patients and having more control over their treatment. Communication should be accommodated in such way that it should strengthen health literacy and consequently augmenting control of patients on their health management (Booth and Nelson, 2013). Working with interpreters: Language barrier is one of the obstacle for effective communication and health literacy, however it would have significant impact when there is communication with cross-cultural sectors. Hence, there is requirement of interpreters in in health communication and health literacy. Interpreters proved beneficial in protecting human rights of the patients who are unable to talk English. Interpreters deserve attention, respect and flexibility like other stakeholders in healthcare sector. It has been observed that, that there us underutilization of interpreters in healthcare industry despite its management. Interpreters have their usefulness in promoting well-being, protecting human rights and achieving cultural respect. Lack of interpreters may lead to the declined quality of care and associated health outcome (Phillips, 2010). Interpreters can be utilised in both ways. These can be utilized for communication from healthcare staff to patients and from patients to healthcare staff. Even if healthcare provider feels information to be provided to the patient is not complex, interpreter should be provided to communicate concerns and questions of patient (Phillips and Travaglia, 2011). Improvement in the health literacy can be achieved by incorporating information right from the university level, implementing framework and intervention points and developing health literacy program. Conclusion: Health literacy is an inevitable barrier for providing quality care to the patient. Adequate educational materials and resources should be used for health literacy. Health literacy is mainly required for patients of old age and children. It is also required for the poor and low socioeconomic class patients. Effective communication is the integral part of the health literacy. Incorporation of the interpreter is an added advantage for the health literacy. Health literacy is helpful to ease the procedure of medical treatment for the patient. It is also helpful to build confidence of patient in the treatment. In conclusion, health literacy is useful in providing holistic care to the patient. References: Baker, A. C., and Giles, A. R. (2012). Cultural safety: A framework for interactions between Aboriginal patients and Canadian family medicine practitioners. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 9(1), 15-22. Booth, J., and Nelson, A. (2013). Sharing stories: Using narratives to illustrate the role of critical reflection in practice with First Australians. Occupational Therapy International, 20(3), 114123. Kurtz-Rossi, S., McKinney, J., Pleasant, A., Rootman, I., Shohet, L. (2011, 29/08/2017). The Calgary Charter on Health Literacy: Rationale and core principles for the development of health literacy curricula. . from https://www.centreforliteracy.qc.ca/sites/default/files/CFL_Calgary_Charter_2011.pdf Mitic, W., and Rootman, I. (2012). An intersectoral approach for improving healthcare literacy for Canadians. A discussion paper.: Public Health Association of British Columbia. Osborne, H. (2012). Health Literacy From A to Z. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Parnell, T. A. (2014). Health Literacy in Nursing: Providing Person-Centered Care. Springer Publishing Company. Phillips, C. (2010). Using interpreters: A guide for GPs. Australian Family Physician, 39(4), 188-195. Phillips, C., and Travaglia, J. (2011). Low levels of uptake of free interpreters by Australian doctors in private practice: Secondary analysis of national data. Australian Health Review, 35, 475479. Pleasant, A., and McKinney, J. (2011). Coming to consensus on health literacy measurement: an online discussion and consensus-gauging process. Nursing Outlook, 59(2), 95- 106 e101. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2010.12.006.

Scrooge Essays - English-language Films, Film, British Films

Scrooge Ignorance & Want In the famous story A Christmas Carol, the Ghost said to Scrooge These are your children Ignorance and Want. as he opened his robe to reveal two small unfortunate poverty stricken children. By this, the ghost meant that because of the cruelty of the world and irresponsibility, these innocent children must suffer. These children suffered because of careless people like Scrooge. The ghost meant unfortunate children like these are the responsibility of everyone. Their names were ignorance and want because they were a result of ignorant people and people who only wanted for themselves. In today's world many children also live in poverty. However there are many more organizations to help them and their families and to prevent them having to live on the streets. Such an example of an organization would be welfare. Welfare helps people by giving supplying food stamps and money to the less fortunate. Another caring organization would be the Salvation Army who gives food and clothing to people who need it. It is our responsibility to care for the needy by sponsoring a child for Christmas and donating money and clothing to the Salvation Army. Even though there are many Scrooges in our world we can still take on the responsibility of caring for those who need it. We may not need help now but the future is never certain. If you are kind to others, they will remember and be kind to you when you really need it. Social Issues Essays

Airplanes - How Man Conquered Flight essays

Airplanes - How Man Conquered Flight essays Airplanes, engine-driven vehicles that fly through the air, have evolved in less than a century into one of the most important inventions in history. Every day, airplanes commute people and goods great distances. Over the last 100 years, they have been developed and perfected from simple gliders to sea planes, commercial planes, space shuttles, and military aircrafts, which have helped America win wars. But how did these aircrafts come to be, and how have they helped America become what it is today? It all started before the end of the 18th century. Few people had applied themselves to the study of flight. One was Leonardo da Vinci, during the 15th century. Leonardo was preoccupied chiefly with bird flight and with flapping-wing machines, called ornithopters. His aeronautical work lay unknown until late in the 19th century, when it became a source of inspiration to engineers. Apart from Leonardos efforts, three devices important to aviation had been invented in Europe in the Middle Ages and had reached a high stage of development by Leonardos time: the windmill, an early propeller, the kite, an early airplane wing, and the model helicopter. Between 1799 and 1809 English baronet Sir George Cayley created the concept of the modern airplane. Cayley abandoned the ornithopter tradition, in which both lift and thrust are provided by the wings, and designed airplanes with rigid wings to provide lift, and with separate propelling devices to provide thrust. Cayley laid the foundations of aerodynamics. He demonstrated, both with models and with full-sized gliders, the use of the inclined plane to provide lift, pitch, and roll stability. In 1853, in his third full-sized machine, Cayley sent his coachman on the first gliding flight in history. In 1890 French engineer Clement Ader built a steam-powered airplane and made the first actual flight of a piloted, heavier-than-air craft. However, the flight was not sustained, and the ...

Spaying and Neutering

Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering Spaying and Neutering By Maeve Maddox A local public service announcement invites listeners to telephone for further information â€Å"about spay and neutering.† A Web search finds numerous examples of the verb spay joined with the participle form: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spay and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spay and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spay and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spay and neutering or low-cost service.   The present participle of the verb spay is spaying. The examples should read â€Å"spaying and neutering†: This vet clinic in SW Portland offers low-cost spaying and neutering for cats and dogs. Pet Spaying and Neutering Program–Just Fix It [USDA] provides a list of programs in each state that provides low cost or free spaying and neutering services for cats. Several institutions and organizations offer help for pet spaying and neutering or low-cost service.   An easy way to avoid misusing the word spay in announcements of this kind would be to use only the word neuter. Unlike spay, which refers to the removal of an animal’s ovaries, the word neuter can mean either â€Å"to castrate† or â€Å"to spay.†    The past and present participle forms of the verb spay are frequently mispronounced and misspelled: Incorrect: I got my cat spaded and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Correct : I got my cat spayed and she got [a] hernia from the stitches. Incorrect: I am contemplating  spading  and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old.   Correct : I am contemplating  spaying and declawing my kitten when she turns 6 months old. The past tense forms of both verbs–neuter and spay–end in -ed: neutered and spayed. The words are pronounced [nyoo-terd] or [noo-terd]) and [spayd]. Speakers who mispronounce and misspell the word spayed as spaded are perhaps confused by the existence of the word spade [spayd], which functions as both noun and verb. The verb spade (to dig) has a past form in -ed: If you did not plow or  spade the  garden site in the fall, turn the  soil  in spring as soon as it is dry enough to work. The Alcotts thrived as Bronson  spaded the  earth for his acre of garden. An interesting etymological fact is that both words–spay and spade–derive from spatha, the Latin word for a broad-bladed sword. The verb spay entered English from French espeier, â€Å"to cut with a sword.† Its earliest meaning in English was â€Å"to kill a deer with a sword,† as in these directions in a 1425 hunting manual: â€Å"spay him [the deer] even behind the shoulder forward to the heart.† The same manual also uses spay to mean removing the ovaries of an animal. The word spay got its name from the cutting aspect of a sword, whereas the word spade got its name from a sword’s tapered shape. It may help to keep the words spay and spade apart by remembering that animals are spayed with delicate medical instruments having no resemblance to broad garden implements. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsPractice or Practise?

Which ethnic groups claimed to have discovered the new world Essay

Which ethnic groups claimed to have discovered the new world - Essay Example Columbus is given credit probably because it was a well-communicated, planned and documented voyage. These may not have been possible for the earlier explorers. There are not enough records that add substance to their claim and except the Phoenicians who documented their travels in useful inscriptions; very few left any written records for their efforts. In 1872, on a plantation in Brazil, a stone, covered with strange carvings, was found in a field. The carvings were later identified as Phoenician writing, telling of a ship blown off course and landing in a strange, new land, some 2500 years earlier, after returning from a trip to the Middle East. The Phoenicians were well known as enthusiastic sailors and were one of the foremost to document their travels. They have been known to travel around the coast of Africa to the Arab lands. Also, historians agree that, in 1872, of Phoenician writing was not of a state to which the stone could have been a fake. The term Phoenician refers to the inhabitants of the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon and also included the Israelite tribes of Dan, Asher and Zebulon who resided near these cities along the east Mediterranean shore. These people also traded frequently along the northern African and Spanish coasts as well as the British Isles and navigated the Straits of Gibraltar called the "Pillars of Hercules". Diodorus of Sicily wrote, in the first century BCE, that the Phoenicians, while sailing along the west coast of Africa, were blown off course into the ocean by a "furious storm" and after many days being blown about, "arrived at the island and so they were the first to discover it." The only places, west of Europe that has navigable rivers are Cuba, Haiti and North and South America. (Pohl, 21). Also the early explorers tended to call even extremely large landmasses islands. (Boland, 28). As long ago as 1913, author T. C. Johnston in his book "Did The Phoenicians Discover America" claimed that the American continent was discovered and settled by Phoenicians and Hebrews who kept in contact with the Middle East for some three hundred years. He claimed that North America was the Biblical Ophir, visited by the fleets of King Solomon, and he outlined some twenty-six points of comparison between the civilization of the Eastern Mediterranean homelands of the Phoenicians and Hebrews and the Mayan, Inca and Aztec civilizations in the New World. More research by Professor Barry Fells points to Punic or Phoenician inscriptions found in New England, Ohio and West Virginia, and also the discovery of coinage and trade goods in the United States which had come from the Phoenician city of Carthage in North Africa. Numerous archaeological vestiges of Phoenician settlement have been found all the way down the Atlantic coast of Morocco dating back 3,000 years. A tablet found in New Mexico is inscribed in what appears to be early Hebrew in a Phoenician alphabet of a form used about 1000 B.C.E. in the eastern Mediterranea

Health Promotion Reflective Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Promotion Reflective Piece - Essay Example Space was restrictively limited. Healthcare equipments were unfavorably lacking. There was a shortage of volunteer staff, leading to my group’s burn-out possibilities. Time constraint reduced healthcare delivery quality. However, such limitations further honed my leadership skills. Further, the World Health Organization rightfully spearheads the global healthcare process. The organization ensures stopping any disorder. The same organization focuses on improving the global population’s health issues. The organization helps alleviate or reduce the world’s disability statistics. Global health transcends the other concerns of each member nation (Sines, 2009). Furthermore, public health correctly incorporates several intervention processes (Sines, 2009). Disease is prevented from escalating or erupting. The average person’s life expectancy is increase. My Kyrgyztan volunteer team’s limited time, equipment, and other resources did not deter our successful delivery of quality services to our assigned patients. My team effectively delivered timely intervention strategies by framing each patient’s problem or issue, gathering of relevant evidences and related intervention data (patients’ daily data tracking charts and corresponding reports), and implementing the best intervention procedures within the limited time constraints. Moreover, health care theories are important (Sines, 2009). For example, the social cognitive theory rightfully focuses on learning from other people through observations and lectures. The health belief model correctly centers on the using the patients’ beliefs and attitudes to predict the patients’ future healthcare behavior. Lastly, I applied the change theory correctly enhance delivery of healthcare services to my Kyrgyzstan patients. Further, I liked the program planning cycle. I keenly applied the planning cycle when assessing my Kyrgyzstan patients’ healthcare needs, including

Foreign Policy from 1515-1529 in England Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy from 1515-1529 in England Essay How Far do you agree that Foreign Policy failed from 1515-1529 failed to make England stronger as an international power? Initially, Henry and Wolsey created a reasonable foreign profile. They managed to maintain this for 10 years until 1525. However a massive decline occurred subsequently it wasnt long before the pair found themselves out of the Major League of European Countries and neither France nor Spain cared who it made allegiances with. England was at a disadvantage from the outset; with very limited resources compared to France and Spain. Alone England didnt stand much chance of survival and therefore it was vital that England formed alliances with other international powers. On august the 15th 1521, Henry VIII and Emperor Charles V formed a secret treaty known as The Treaty of Bruges. It provided for a joint invasion of France; primarily before March 1523. This in one respect merely defined the dependence Henry and Wolsey had upon Charles. This was mainly due to the reliance Englands economy beheld upon the Flanders Cloth Market. Nevertheless, the treaty never materialised and whilst she displayed and attempt to resolve this in autumn 1523, they could do little without the support of Charles V. There was a constant need to show his worthiness and match up to wealthier kings such as Francis I. Henrys favourite way was though extravagant wars. From 1511-1525 he spent an equivalent of 1.4 million on wars, whilst his annual income was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½110,000. This put England fundamentally on huge strains and it was up to Wolsey to turn this around. 1518, the Treaty of London prior to all discussed, a treaty of diplomatic importance influencing England to be noticed by other countries. This was a universal peace collective and signed by all major leaders. This gave England support from over countries and also made them noticed. It was a non aggressive treaty and agreed that none of the countries would attack one another, and if they were, they were support one another. This was Wolseys finest hour. It reflected glory upon Henry VIII, putting the pair in good terms with one another as well as with all other major countries. It also meant that if any country broke away from the treaty, then war would b veiled upon them. However, at the same time it wasnt entirely successful. It only lasted for a short time and inevitably war broke out from an alliance between Spain and England against France. Another very important affair to mention was the Field of The Cloth of Gold which occurred from June 7th to June 24th in 1520. It was a meeting between the two kings Henry VIII and Francis the I of France and its aim was to increase the bond between the two kings, furthering England profile internationally. Each kind tried to outdo the other. The proof of Henrys attempts was that in one month 2200 sheep were consumed. In the fields past the castle, 2800 tents were erected for less important visitors. Even though it made a great impression, politically it did very little. Hence the war previously discussed a year later. The decline of Wolseys success made England lose its profile it started with. In 1525 was the introduction of the Amicable Grant. When Wolsey tried to raise more money through the Amicable Grant it depicted the anger within England itself. Wolsey needed to raise taxes (1525) in order to cover the cost of taking France to war. However it was strongly opposed and subsequently Wolsey had to back down and reduce the payments for the 1523 subsidy 10,000 men converged in Lavenham. In summery this lost England support of Charles V which inevitability meant the only way was to make a peace treaty with France. The Treaty of More, in 1525. Meanwhile again Wolseys attempts failed. France undermined England and formed an alliance with Charles V leaving England no stronger than to begin with. A long term affect of this, is that it meant Henry lost his trust in Wolsey causing the downfall in 1529. As well very importantly was Henrys divorce to Catherine of Aragon and its international relevance. Catherines nephew was Charles V, a may with great power. He threatened the Pope to not go ahead with the annulment. Wolsey was in a predicament, if he allowed the annulment his own life was in risk, but the time he wasted trying to decide one way another outraged Henry emphatically. So much so that Henry stripped him from his title.

Staging in Six Characters in Search of an Author :: essays papers

Staging in "Six Characters in Search of an Author" Pirandello's masterpiece, "Six Characters in Search of an Author" is well known for its innovative techniques of characterization, especially in the fullness of character as exhibited by the Stepdaughter and the Father, but it is especially renowned, and rightfully so, for the brilliant staging techniques employed by its author. Pirandello uses his innovative staging techniques specifically to symbolize, within the confines of the theater, the blending of the theater and real life. Chief among these, of course, is the way in which the author involves the audience in his production, to the point which, like a medieval audience, they become part of the action, and indeed, a character in its own right. The use of lines provided in the playbill was the first of its kind; never before had an author dared to ask the members of the audience to perform, even though unpaid, and indeed, paying for the experience themselves. But without those lines, how much less impressive would that moment be when the Director, understandably at the end of his rope with the greedy characters (who have been from the start trying to coerce him into writing a script for non-union wages), shouts "Reality! Fantasy! Who needs this! What does this mean?" and the audience, in unison, shouts back, "It's us! We're here!" The moment immediately after that, when the whole cast laughs directly at the audience, pointing at them in glee, is nearly unbearable for an audience, as shown b! y the riot after the first performance, when the audience not only ripped the seats out of the theater, but stole the popcorn. Pirandello also used a technique he inherited from the "Cirque de Soleil," involving a trapeze hung from the catwalk. But though the trapeze was not in itself his own invention, its use during the intermission as a means to annoy the audience was absolutely innovative. He had gotten the idea from watching the inhabitants at the mental institution in Switzerland where his wife was recuperating from a Venetian holiday. The Swiss hospital, renowned for its experimentation, had started a program of gymnastics, meant to boost the patients' self-esteem. The Stepdaughter's foray above the audience's heads, during the "intermission," is a direct reflection of that Swiss technique; no one before Pirandello had dared to use it in the theater before, but it not only symbolized neatly the problems with defining reality inherent in the text, but kept the audience from actually getting a rest during the intermission, since

Lessons from the Fog of War Essay

The War in Afghanistan was launched on October 7, 2001 by the United States and the United Kingdom in response to the September 11, 2001 Al Qaeda attacks. It marked the beginning of President George Bush’s Great War against Terrorism. The Iraqi War refers to the United States-led invasion of Iraq which began on March 20, 2003. The invasion was prompted by the common belief amongst the US-led coalition that Saddam Hussein had managed to achieve nuclear and chemical warfare capability that could fall into the hands of terrorists. In both the cases the United States and its allies have got bogged down in situations where it they can neither afford to pull out nor up the ante and charge forward. Robert McNamara who was the Secretary of Defense under President John F Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson speaks about his experiences of war and the lessons he learnt from them during his eventful career in the award-winning documentary The Fog of War. The very title of the documentary is a statement on the nature of war which McNamara says is â€Å"so complex that it is beyond the capability of the human mind to fully comprehend it. † In the documentary, McNamara basically speaks about his experiences of the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnamese War of the 1960s and 1970s. McNamara believes that the United States was able to avoid a war that would probably have turned nuclear and could still manage to get the Soviet missiles off Cuban soil primarily because it could empathize with its enemy. The United States was able to appreciate the exact political situation Nikita Khrushchev was in when the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States came to a head. In the face of his party hardliners Khrushchev needed a face-saving excuse to get out of Cuba and avoid a possible nuclear war. In the case of Vietnam, however, this was not possible as the United States did not know the Vietnamese well enough to be able to empathize with them. The situations in Iraq and Afghanistan are also similar to Vietnam. Did the United States and it allies care to know the Iraqis or the Afghans well enough to be able to empathize with them? In the case of Saddam Hussein, the United States failed to appreciate the political circumstances that guided the actions of the dictator and clubbed him together with the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks. In doing so, they have created a situation which could have very well turned advantageous for the terrorists. The situation in Iraq is now quite the perfect breeding grounds for terrorists who see the United States and its allies as the enemy that wants to destroy them and their religion. In Afghanistan too, despite all claims that the United States may make, for the Afghan the every American represents an enemy who has bombed their homes and killed their near and dear ones. Referring to his tenure in Ford, McNamara gives the example of their effort to analyze accident data to device ways and means to provide safety to people in cars. Once they were able to get the accurate data, McNamara and his colleagues found that problems in packaging people in cars were the main cause of fatalities in accidents, and could come up with simple safety devices such as the seat belt which resulted in the saving of more than 20,000 lives every year in the United States alone. The importance of getting the data, and the accurate data, is quite evident in the case of Iraq and Saddam Hussein. Both the United States and the United Kingdom failed to obtain accurate data in the case of Iraq and also in the case of Afghanistan to a certain extent. With accurate data not being available, things were bound to go wrong. The very next lesson that McNamara speaks of in the documentary becomes immediately applicable in the case of both Iraq and Afghanistan – the fact that what we see believe in and see can often both be wrong. McNamara cites the example of the supposed torpedo attacks by North Vietnamese patrol boats on the US destroyer Maddox on August 2, 1964 and again on the Maddox and its sister ships on August 4, 1964. The August 2 attack was real enough, but President Johnson and the United States did not believe it to be true and chose to ignore it; the August 4 attacks were most probably conjured up by predisposed and stressed minds, but were taken to be real enough by the United State’s administration to launch attacks on North Vietnam. The dictum that we see what we choose to believe in is exemplified in the case of Afghanistan and Iraq. The United States believed that Iraq had manufactured nuclear weapons and that both Afghanistan and Iraq supported Islamic terrorists, and literally saw what they believed in. These attitudes precipitated both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The failure to find Saddam Hussein’s stockpile of nuclear arsenal proved the belief long, albeit too late. The deteriorating conditions in Iraq and Afghanistan and the continued resistance of the people have also made it clear that the populations under seize hate the occupation forces not because Iraqis and Afghans are terrorists but because they perceive the Americans as aggressors. And more and more of the occupied people turn towards the terrorists. Thousands of people have died from both sides of these wars. McNamara however feels proportionality should be a guideline of war. That raises the question whether the destruction of the Iraqi and Afghan societies and deaths of the thousands of American soldiers on the battlefield can be justified proportionally by the objectives that these wars hope to achieve. The end of global terrorism would demand a heavy price, but is this the right price to pay? McNamara says that one has to engage in evil in order to do good, the deaths and destruction in Iraq and Afghanistan could very well be the necessary evil to achieve the good of ridding the world of terrorism and making it a far more safer and secure place for the future generations. Yet human nature will never change, and McNamara admits that every general makes mistakes in wars. So are Afghanistan and Iraq mistakes, or they still shrouded in the fog of war?

Personal Recount Essay

Megan did not have a bright attitude towards school. She was always not looking forward to studying because she has problem coping in school. Whenever they bring in a new topic, she sighs heavily knowing she would take a long time to understand it even though it is considered an easy topic to the rest of the class. She was always positioned last in class and having a mere fifty-five percent and below for her percentage in exams and tests. Her position in level is one of the bottom few. She did not like being in a school filled with intellegent students. Her teacher, Mrs Tay, had asked the class to prepare a short speech to say in front of the class on what they want to be when they grow up and what are they are going to do to achieve their goal. Most of the students had said that they want to be a doctor, a lawyer, a banker or even an Army Sergent. Many of them had bright futures waiting for them. They all wanted to complete their Masters and futher their education abroad. When it came to Megan’s turn, she look down into her script nervously and read out her speech. She was hesitant to speak the truth but she decided that she should not be embarrased as she too has embitions. She wanted to be a veternarian to help cure sick and needy animals as she had once lost her dog in a car accident. Many of her classmates were shocked. They did not expect a weak student to have high embitions. After speaking out, her classmates shouted from their seats, saying she can do it. Mrs Tay gave words of encourangement which made her delighted. After class, Megan went up to Mrs Tay. She asked her if she could have one-to-one sessions with her to help her. Mrs Tay gladly took her under her wings. As months pass and her PSLE finishing, Megan made an increasing improvement. She was now confident in her work, partake in class work and volunteer to help others. Teachers were saying among themselves that she has changed into a positive and outspoken person unlike before. She was the role model of many students in her school. When the day of the results of the PSLE came, Megan was confident. She knew she had done her best regardless of her aggregate. Mrs Tay passed to her her certificate and it shows A for most of her subjects. Megan jumped for joy and many of her friends went up to her to congratulate her. Her effort paid off. If she had not shared her embitions, she wouldn’t be excelling in her subjects.

Conjugating Croître in French

Conjugating Croà ®tre in French In French, there are a few options for saying to grow. One of those is  croà ®tre  and is the subject of this verb conjugation lesson. Yet, you may also wish to learn or use the verbs  grandir  (to grow)  and viellier (to grow old)  as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Croà ®tre Verb conjugations are required to express the verb in the present, future, or past tense. For instance, growing and grew are English conjugations, though in French things are a little more complex. Thats because we must be concerned about the subject pronoun as well as when the verb is happening. Croà ®tre  is an  irregular verb, meaning that it does not follow a standard conjugation pattern. You will need to memorize these conjugations without the help of any similar verbs you may already know. Yet, once you identify the endings for  croà ®tre, they can also be applied to accroà ®tre (to increase)  and dà ©croà ®tre (to decrease). When studying these conjugations, watch out for the changes to the verb stem. Some replace the circumflex à ® with an I and in others forms, you will find a circumflex à » in its place. This is a rather tricky conjugation, so take your time. Using the table, pair the appropriate subject pronoun with the verbs tense. For instance, I grow is je croà ®s while we will grow is nous croà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je croà ®s croà ®trai croissais tu croà ®s croà ®tras croissais il croà ®t croà ®tra croissait nous croissons croà ®trons croissions vous croissez croà ®trez croissiez ils croissent croà ®tront croissaient The Present Participle of  Croà ®tre The  present participle  of  croà ®tre is  croissant. This is a verb, though in some circumstances its also an adjective, gerund, or noun. A Past Tense Form of  Croà ®tre The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to form the past tense in French. To create it, first conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  crà ». As an example I grew becomes jai crà » and we grew is nous avons  crà ». More Simple Croà ®tre  Conjugations to Know The conjugations explained above should be the focus of your French studies at first. As you progress, you may also need or encounter one of the following forms of  croà ®tre. The subjunctive verb form will apply when the action of growing is in some way questionable or uncertain. Likewise, the conditional form is reserved for the times when the action may or may not happen because its dependent on certain conditions. Its likely that you will only see or use the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. In this case, being able to recognize these forms as croà ®tre  is most important, especially with the change to à ». Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je croisse croà ®trais crà »s crà »sse tu croisses croà ®trais crà »s crà »sses il croisse croà ®trait crà »t crà »t nous croissions croà ®trions crà »mes crà »ssions vous croissiez croà ®triez crà »tes crà »ssiez ils croissent croà ®traient crà »rent crà »ssent There may also be times when you need to use  croà ®tre  in the imperative verb form. When doing so, you do not have to include the subject pronoun: use croà ®s rather than tu croà ®s. Imperative (tu) croà ®s (nous) croissons (vous) croissez

Definition and Examples of Critical Thinking

Definition and Examples of Critical Thinking Critical thinking is the process of independently analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information as a guide to behavior and beliefs. The American Philosophical Association has defined critical thinking as the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment. The process gives reasoned consideration to evidence, contexts, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria (1990). Critical thinking is sometimes broadly defined as thinking about thinking. Critical thinking skills include the ability to interpret, verify, and reason, all of which involve applying the principles of logic. The process of using critical thinking to guide writing is called critical writing. Observations Critical Thinking is essential as a tool of inquiry. As such, Critical Thinking is a liberating force in education and a powerful resource in one’s personal and civic life. While not synonymous with good thinking, Critical Thinking is a pervasive and self-rectifying human phenomenon. The ideal critical thinker is habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit.(American Philosophical Association, Consensus Statement Regarding Critical Thinking, 1990)Thought and LanguageIn order to understand reasoning [...], it is necessary to pay careful attention to the relationship between thought and language. The relationship seems to be straightforward: thought is expressed in and through language. But this claim, while true, is an oversimplification. People often fail to say what they mean. Everyone has had the experience of having their \ misunderstood by others. And we all use words not merely to express our thoughts but also to shape them. Developing our critical thinking skills, therefore, requires an understanding of the ways in which words can (and often fail to) express our thoughts.(William Hughes and Jonathan Lavery, Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills, 4th ed. Broadview, 2004) Dispositions That Foster or Impede Critical thinkingDispositions that foster critical thinking include [a] facility in perceiving irony, ambiguity, and multiplicity of meanings or points of view; the development of open-mindedness, autonomous thought, and reciprocity (Piagets term for the ability to empathize with other individuals, social groups, nationalities, ideologies, etc.). Dispositions that act as impediments to critical thinking include defense mechanisms (such as absolutism or primary certitude, denial, projection), culturally conditioned assumptions, authoritarianism, egocentrism, and ethnocentrism, rationalization, compartmentalization, stereotyping and prejudice.(Donald Lazere, Invention, Critical Thinking, and the Analysis of Political Rhetoric. Perspectives on Rhetorical Invention, ed. by Janet M. Atwill and Janice M. Lauer. University of Tennessee Press, 2002)Critical Thinking and Composing- [T]he most intensive and demanding tool for eliciting sustained critical thou ght  is a well-designed writing assignment on a subject matter problem. The underlying premise is that writing is closely linked with thinking and that in presenting students with significant problems to write about- and in creating an environment that demands their best writing- we can promote their general cognitive and intellectual growth. When we make students struggle with their writing, we are making them struggle with thought itself. Emphasizing writing and critical thinking, therefore, generally increases the academic rigor of a course. Often the struggle of writing, linked as it is to the struggle of thinking and to the growth of a persons intellectual powers, awakens students to the real nature of learning.(John C. Bean,  Engaging Ideas: The Professors Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical  Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom, 2nd ed. Wiley, 2011)- Finding a fresh approach to a writing assignment means that you must see the subject without the blinders of preconception. When people expect to see a thing in a certain way, it usually appears that way, whether or not that is its true image. Similarly, thinking based on prefabricated ideas produces writing that says nothing new, that offers nothing important to the reader. As a writer, you have a responsibility to go beyond the expected views and present your subject so that the reader sees it with fresh eyes. . . .[C]ritical thinking is a fairly systematic method of defining a problem and synthesizing knowledge about it, thereby creating the perspective you need to develop new ideas. . . .Classical rhetoricians used a series of three questions to help focus an argument. Today these questions can still help writers understand the topic about which they are writing. An sit? (Is the problem a fact?); Quid sit (What is the definition of the problem?); and Quale sit? (What kind of problem is it?). By asking these questions, writers see their subject from many new angles before they begin to narrow the focus to one particular aspect.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991) Logical Fallacies Ad Hominem Ad Misericordiam Amphiboly Appeal to Authority Appeal to Force Appeal to Humor Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to the People Bandwagon Begging the Question Circular Argument Complex Question Contradictory Premises Dicto Simpliciter, Equivocation False Analogy False Dilemma Gamblers Fallacy Hasty Generalization Name-Calling Non Sequitur Paralepsis Poisoning the Well Post Hoc Red Herring Slippery Slope Stacking the Deck Straw Man Tu Quoque

W1 Disc Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation Essay

W1 Disc Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation - Essay Example In an article entitled â€Å"Managing Technological Innovation – Opportunity Recognition and Conflict Management† written by Agarwal (2010), the other provided two guidelines for strategic management of technology and innovation through market analysis and creative thinking. This is consistent with the guidelines discussed by White & Bruton (2011) who emphasized the need to be â€Å"proactive rather than reactive† (p. 26). The assumption of a proactive stance is analogous to the proposed conducting of a market analysis to â€Å"create the need for innovation† (Agarwal, 2010, p. 4). Likewise, as revealed, â€Å"there was some creating thinking that led to the emergence of IT† (Agarwal, 2010, p. 4). The encouragement of creative thinking is one of the crucial motivational tools that managers could instill as part of assessing the strengths of weaknesses of the organization’s work force, which is a necessary element in strategic management. The advice of Agarwal (2010) corroborates the managerial guidelines expounded by White & Bruton (2011) to manage technology and innovation

Mall of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mall of America - Essay Example The Mall has numerous stores, which are almost over 520 offering shopping and varied entertainment places for each person despite the age. For illustration, LEGO stores that possess numerous models meant for entertaining children. The offered services range from school-oriented through medical office to a wedding chapel (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011). The information’s essence serves in informing the large clientele, which is unaware of the quality services offered by the mall. In addition, it imparts more knowledge to its clients who may have no knowledge regarding other services offered in the mall besides its humble beginning. The drawn inferences regarding the mall; due to its complex shopping mode, it will continue to be a center for entertainment offering diverse, fascinating services. Since, its main attraction entails using human life’s zeal for entertainment (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011). However, the Mall’s efforts meant to maintain it at an aggressive edge, encounter challenges that prompt essential questions that entail adequate considerations. The questions comprise: Extending ideas that will ensure the stability of the Mall of America will be extensive and sound advertisement globally via online services. This will augment its popularity, thus attracting large clientele and visitors as tourists from other

10.What was the impact of the French Revolution on the European system Essay

10.What was the impact of the French Revolution on the European system - Essay Example There was â€Å"a vast peasantry accounting for one in seven or one in eight of the population, most of whom were legally free but bound to their seigneur †¦ by a myriad of services and obligations surviving from the medieval past. †¦ And, in cities, †¦ a great urban population of innumerable crafts and occupations, for the most part poor and depending for survival on cheap and plentiful bread† (Rude 1995). When they rose up against their king, overthrew their monarchy and established a new social order, the French did something no other country on the European continent had done, which had a profound effect upon the other European nations who sat watching to see what would happen. This small war completely contained within the country and lasting only 12 years would send ripples throughout Europe and have consequences that would reach as far as North America and the Dutch East Indies (Taylor, 2006). The changes brought about by the French Revolution were cultur al, social and political. As the rumors spread regarding the fall of the Bastille, people in twenty-eight of the largest thirty cities in France were reported to have staged uprisings and hundreds of thousands of peasants in the rural areas attacked lords’ manors and destroyed other symbols of the seigneurialism system throughout the summer of 1789. This gave rise to a wide-spread wave of mass panic, known now as the â€Å"Great Fear†, in which the people pulled down the old system of French feudalism â€Å"and the state machine of royal France lay in fragments† (Hobsbawm 1969) as the bourgeoisie drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and limited the King’s power. â€Å"Between 1789-1791, the victorious moderate bourgeoisie, acting through what had now become the Constituent Assembly, set about the gigantic rationalization and reform of France †¦ its policy for the peasantry was the enclosure of common lands and the encouragement of rural entrepreneurs, for the working-class,

Defining Interoperability in Healthcare Systems

Defining Interoperability in Healthcare Systems Interoperability According to Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), a not for profit organization focused on improving Healthcare through the use of Information Technology, â€Å"interoperability is the ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate, exchange data, and use the information that has been exchanged. Data exchange schema and standards should permit data to be shared across clinicians, lab, hospital, pharmacy, and patient regardless of the application or application vendor. Interoperability means the ability of health information systems to work together within and across organizational boundaries in order to advance the health status of, and the effective delivery of healthcare for individuals and communities†.[1] Interoperability in Healthcare Information Systems is important for delivering quality healthcare and reducing healthcare costs. Although achieving interoperability is quite a challenge both because there are competing standards and clinical information itself is very complex, there have been a number of successful industry initiatives such as Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) Profiles, and the epSOS initiative for sharing Electronic Health Records and ePrescriptions in Europe. There are three levels of health information technology interoperability: 1) Foundational; 2) Structural; and 3) Semantic. We shall try to define these terms in simple words in order for the reader to be able to understand not only the differences between them, but also to understand the complexity that lies in Healthcare Information Systems. Technical Interoperability is usually associated with hardware/software components, systems and platforms that enable machine-to-machine communication to take place. In this kind of interoperability we are mostly interested in communication protocols and the infrastructure needed for those protocols to operate and not about the interpretation of data moved from on system to another. Structural – or syntactical Interoperability is usually associated with data formats. Certainly, the messages transferred by communication protocols need to have a well-defined syntax and encoding. This way it is ensured that data exchanges between information technology systems can be interpreted at the data field level. Semantic Interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of content and concerns the human rather than machine interpretation of the content. We are talking about interoperability at the highest level, the ability of computer systems to transmit data with clear, shared meaning. Thus, interoperability on this level means that there is a common understanding between people of the meaning of the information being exchanged. Most widely used contemporary Interoperability standards in Healthcare In Europe, Technical committee 251 (TC 251) of the European Committee for Standardization, holds the responsibility for the standardization of Healthcare IT messages. The goal is to achieve compatibility and interoperability between independent systems and to enable modularity in Electronic Health Record systems. Various workgroups establish requirements for health information structure in order to support clinical and administrative procedures, technical methods to support interoperable systems. In addition they establish requirements regarding safety, security and quality. In the United States HL7 committee is a not-for-profit, ANSI-accredited standards developing organization dedicated to providing a comprehensive framework and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information. HL7s 2,300+ members include approximately 500 corporate members who represent more than 90% of the information systems vendors serving healthcare. In parallel with HL7, the ACR-NEMA[2] committee established the DICOM standard (Digital Communications in Medicine) that is today the most widespread standard for the format of the pictures that medical equipments produce. DICOM enables the transfer of medical images in a multi-vendor environment and facilitates the development and expansion of picture archiving and communication systems. DICOM enables the integration of scanners, servers, workstations, printers, and network hardware from multiple manufacturers into a picture archiving system (PACS). The different devices come with DICOM conformance statements which clearly state which DICOM classes they support. During the last years an initiative is in progress from IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) in order to â€Å"improve the way computer systems in healthcare share information. IHE promotes the coordinated use of established standards such as DICOM and HL7 to address specific clinical needs in support of optimal patient care. Systems developed in accordance with IHE communicate with one another better, are easier to implement, and enable care providers to use information more effectively†.[3] Systems that adopt the IHE Integration profiles collaborate in a more standard way, are easier to be implemented and help Healthcare providers to use information more efficient with the aim of providing better care. IHE facilitates users and developers of healthcare information technology to come together through an annually recurring four-step process: Clinical and technical experts define critical needs for information sharing (use cases). Technical experts create detailed specifications for communication among systems to address these use cases, selecting and optimizing established standards. Industry implements these specifications called IHE Profiles in HIT systems. IHE tests vendors systems at carefully planned and supervised events called â€Å"Connectathons†. All IHE Profiles are publicly available and free of charge in IHE’s website. Until today more than a hundred companies are accredited by IHE having materialized at least one profile. The IHE Process The existence of so many standards creates challenges difficult to address. Their usage is not always well known, interoperability between applications using different standards is often not documented and some of them conflict. The market for interoperability standards is maturing, even though slowly. The third version of the HL7 standard is progressively being adopted by the health industry, and convergence with Europe’s CEN/TC 251 standardization work is under way. The IHE initiative is producing useful use cases that standardize communication between various health information system components. In the future, the World Health Organization’s eHealth Standardization Coordination Group can also be expected to play a more prominent role in developing ICT standards for the health sector.[4] EPSOS (European Patients Smart Open Services) A very interesting and ambitious EU initiative that falls under the Interoperability domain is epSOS. The project â€Å"aims to design, build and evaluate a service infrastructure that demonstrates cross-border interoperability between electronic health record systems in Europe†[5]. EpSOS attempts to offer seamless healthcare to European citizens. Key goals are to improve the quality and safety of healthcare for citizens when travelling to another European country. Moreover, one other goal is the development of a practical eHealth framework and ICT infrastructure that enables secure access to patient health information among different European healthcare systems. epSOS can make a significant contribution to patient safety by reducing the frequency of medical errors and by providing quick access to documentation as well as by increasing accessibility of one’s prescribed medicine also abroad. In emergency situations, this documentationprovides the medical personnel with information and reduces the repetition of diagnostic procedures. epSOS aims at building and evaluating a service infrastructure demonstrating cross-border interoperability between Electronic Health Record Systems in Europe. Sometimes called a large-scale European implementation, epSOS is dri ven forward by many European member states, the first European eHealth project gathering such a large number of countries in practical cooperation. Interoperability in Greece Healthcare Informatics In the next pages, we will try to investigate the introduction of Interoperability in ICT systems in the Greek Health sector. Until the dawn of the century in the Healthcare IT arena in Greece, emphasis was given in Enterprises Resources Planning (ERP) applications with the aim to better monitor financial data and streamline supply chain planning. The biggest from the Public Sector hospitals have incorporated some Information systems in this area, that were manufactured by â€Å"E government for Social Security† (IDIKA), a government organization with the mission to supply IT applications in Hospitals and Social Security organizations. Private hospitals were more advanced and the biggest of them have started implementing more integrated systems, some of them international, like YGEIA hospital or MITERA obstetric clinic that implemented SAP ERP. These applications were built in a monolithic way, and the various modules were tightly connected together. Hospital Information Systems (HIS) and Laboratory Information Systems (LIS) were in their infancy and each Healthcare provider was acting as a silo. Hen ce the need for Interoperability was not considered crucial. The need for interoperability among the disparate systems within a hospital and among the hospitals of the same region was firstly introduced as a need in the Integrated Information Systems projects that were carried out in the Healthcare Regions and were funded by the Operational Programme Information Society of the 3rd CSF. The design of these projects started in 2001 and the first one was tendered in 2003. The purpose of those projects was the infusion of IT technology in the management of the Healthcare organizations, in order to support the changes in the organization of the Healthcare System in Greece – that was moving towards regionalization – and the upgrade of the services towards patients. In these projects the need for Interoperability was expressed in the following four aspects: Interoperability within a hospital with applications and systems already in place. Interoperability among the sub systems that would be provided in the scope of the tenders for each hospital, wherever necessary (ERP, HIS, LIS etc) Interoperability with future systems, which were not part of the projects, like RIS and PACS. Interoperability among the different regional Health Authorities and Ministry of Health systems (mostly future ones) like Blood Bank, the National Center for Emergency Help (ΕΚΑΒ) etc. The standard that was selected in order to ensure a common messaging standard was HL7 ver 2.x. All these projects finally materialized after several years of delays, with different level of success between Regions but also between hospitals inside the same region. The reasons for the rather poor results in interoperability are many and we will try to illustrate the main barriers. At this point we should note that there is official data in the form of a study of the current status of interoperability in Healthcare. Poor technical specifications for the interoperability aimed to be achieved. The standard (HL7) selected was adequate and mature, but detailed specifications were missing. There were no national codifications that could facilitate the set up of the systems The institutional framework was not clear and the obligations derived were not documented The maturity and openness of the solutions that were implemented varied a lot The applications in place could not interoperate through HL7, so this aspect could not be accomplished There was no strategy and specifications for the national EHR for the implementations to be benchmarked against. As a conclusion someone could say that despite that results were not as expected, it was the first time that interoperability in Healthcare was ever mentioned and required as a mandate. Several use cases were implemented and a step towards openness has been achieved. Many lessons were learned and the evolution of HC ICT will definitely incorporate Interoperability as an integral part. In recent years interoperable eHealth in Europe or even on an international scale is a fact. The European Commission is supporting collaboration initiatives through its policy initiatives and funding instruments and the World Health Organization (WHO) is promoting worldwide eHealth through its Global Observatory for eHealth. [1] HIMSS, Definition of Interoperability. Approved by the HIMSS Board of Directors, April 5, 2013 [2] American College of Radiology (ACR), National Electrical manufacturers Association (NEMA). [3] http://www.ihe.net/About_IHE/ [4] See http://www.who.int/ehscg/en/ [5] http://www.ihe-europe.net/eu-projects/epsos

The Tell-Tale Heart: An Analysis Essay -- Analysis Tell Tale Essays Pa

The Tell-Tale Heart: An Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Edgar Allan Poe’s short-story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the storyteller tries to convince the reader that he is not mad. At the very beginning of the story, he asks, "...why will you say I am mad?" When the storyteller tells his story, it's obvious why. He attempts to tell his story in a calm manner, but occasionally jumps into a frenzied rant. Poe's story demonstrates an inner conflict; the state of madness and emotional break-down that the subconscious can inflict upon one's self.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Tell-Tale Heart", the storyteller tells of his torment. He is tormented by an old man's Evil Eye. The storyteller had no ill will against the old man himself, even saying that he loved him, but the old man's pale blue, filmy eye made his blood run cold. And when the storyteller couldn't take anymore of the Evil Eye looking at him, he said, "I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye for ever." This is the start of the storyteller’s madness, and as the reader listens to what he says, the madness within the storyteller becomes very apparent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For eight nights in a row, the storyteller went to the old man’s chamber and cast a shred of light upon the Evil Eye that he so hated. For seven nights, it was always shut, and the storyteller could do nothing because it was only the eye that he hated, not the old man. On the eighth, the storyteller accidentally makes some noise and wakes the old man up. As... The Tell-Tale Heart: An Analysis Essay -- Analysis Tell Tale Essays Pa The Tell-Tale Heart: An Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Edgar Allan Poe’s short-story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the storyteller tries to convince the reader that he is not mad. At the very beginning of the story, he asks, "...why will you say I am mad?" When the storyteller tells his story, it's obvious why. He attempts to tell his story in a calm manner, but occasionally jumps into a frenzied rant. Poe's story demonstrates an inner conflict; the state of madness and emotional break-down that the subconscious can inflict upon one's self.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Tell-Tale Heart", the storyteller tells of his torment. He is tormented by an old man's Evil Eye. The storyteller had no ill will against the old man himself, even saying that he loved him, but the old man's pale blue, filmy eye made his blood run cold. And when the storyteller couldn't take anymore of the Evil Eye looking at him, he said, "I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye for ever." This is the start of the storyteller’s madness, and as the reader listens to what he says, the madness within the storyteller becomes very apparent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For eight nights in a row, the storyteller went to the old man’s chamber and cast a shred of light upon the Evil Eye that he so hated. For seven nights, it was always shut, and the storyteller could do nothing because it was only the eye that he hated, not the old man. On the eighth, the storyteller accidentally makes some noise and wakes the old man up. As...

Historical Overview of South Africa’s Industrial Relations

1. INRODUCTION South Africa reflects a diverse country, rich in history and encourages â€Å"ubuntu†. This philosophy encompasses the spirit of community which summarises the extent to which everyone is connected to one another. However controversial issues were prevalent during South Africa’s industrial relations history. Issues which stood out were Apartheid; which segregated the South African society by race and class, as well as political and labour conflict were also highly controversial issues during the past. South Africa’s industrial relations history and workers rights is complex.Therefore it is necessary to view South Africa’s industrial relations in terms of an industrial evolution and economic overview in order to fully grasp it effectively. As understanding South Africa’s industrial historical significance is crucial as it ultimately shaped the labour laws which currently exist. This essay will investigate the historical overview of Sou th Africa’s industrial relations highlighting the most significant events which occurred within South Africa’s industrial history, in particular, the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973).The focus on this particular period will demonstrate the significance and impact it had on labour legislation and the industrial relations system in South Africa at that time. The National Party (NP), a new party within the South African government in 1948, institutionalised Apartheid as a central plank of South African government policy(Van Den Bergh& van Niekerk, 2009:55). Yet in the same year the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formed by the United Nations General Assembly.Even though South Africa was a United Nations member they continued to pursue their newly institutionalised government policy, Apartheid. The international community made efforts to persuade the South African government to adhere to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights but their efforts were ign ored. During the Apartheid era the National Party used its repressive legislation to legally enforce racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. Government had to find ways to handle the conflict.Hence the use of labour laws as controls mechanisms by government. 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA There were key events which occurred during the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973) which were highly significant. Labour laws, a popular control mechanism during Apartheid were heavily influenced by the events which took place during this period. These key events include the following: 2. 1 BOTHA COMMISSION OF 1953 Soon after the National Party came into power, the Botha Commission was introduced.The purpose of the Botha Commission was to investigate existing labour legislation at that time. The Commission was introduced with the intension that it would outline the establishment of Apa rtheid in the working environment and continue the suppression of black people (van den Bergh& van Niekerk, 2009:64). 2. 1. 1 The significance the Botha Commission of 1953 The Botha Commission was a significant as it purely focused on labour relations matters in South Africa at that time. This was crucial as South Africa was experiencing harsh economic conditions.During the early days of Apartheid there was generally dissatisfaction among South Africans of all races. This was mainly due to the fact that jobs were scarce, and there was a high influx of black people in urban areas which caused unrest in the townships (Bendix, 2010:68). Therefore the Commission argued that if black people were able to have party representation it would ultimately lead to equality amongst races within South Africa. However this went completely against what the government believed. If government followed through with what the commission recommended it would be putting the white superiority at risk. . 1. 2 The impact the Botha Commission had on labour legislation in South Africa The government ignored the Botha Commissions recommendations which included freedom of association and trade union rights. Therefore government passed two labour legislations to give effect to the Botha Commission. Firstly, to reinforce the governments Apartheid policy the Industrial Conciliation Act was passed. The Act was the final part to the government’s racially exclusive industrial system. The Act established racial divisions amongst workers which meant that there could not be trade unions which represented a variety of races.In addition trade unions with a variety of races had to divide their members by race then locate them in different trade unions according to their race. Furthermore certain work was reserved exclusively for workers of a particular race. This was known as job reservation. This meant labour market was being manipulated in such as a way that advanced white people in order to m aintain their supremacy. Secondly, government went against the recommendation that stated that black workers should be allowed regulation of rights. Government believed that this would encourage black trade unions.Therefore they implemented the Native Labour of disputes Act No. 48 of 1953. Later the Act was name changed to the Bantu Labour of Disputes Act. This Act ultimately aimed at prohibiting strike action by black workers. It repealed the War Measure 145; which banned black workers from taking part in strike action. In this way black workers had no way to resist the demands laid down by employers. 2. 1. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Botha Commission included the following: 2. 1. 2. 1 The StateThe State is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this case the South African State consisted of the National Party. The State facilitates the employment relationship between emplo yers and employees. The state is also regarded as the employer. In this case the state had to improve the economy as job was scarce. The government had to use the recommendations of the Botha Commission to improve the labour relations situation at that time. The Commission’s recommended that if black workers were granted representation of black workers in trade unions equality amongst races would take place.Government did not agree with this. However the Commission recommended separate bargaining councils for black workers, but made it clear that recognition of black trade unions should be under strict conditions. 2. 1. 2. 2 Employers The employers in this case the employers of concern was those who employed black workers. The employers lately had the attitude that if workers obeyed the rule and their demands they would take care of them appropriately. 2. 1. 2. 3 Employees Black workers were the employees of concern during the establishment of the Botha Commission.Due to stri ct conditions on trade unions and the banning of strikes employees had to obey and abide with what the employers wanted from them. 2. 1. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship The approach used by the role players in the labour relationship determines the way in which the labour relationship takes place. 2. 1. 3. 1 Unitary Approach During the time period of the conception of the Botha Commission trade unions were viewed as trouble makers by government and employers. Therefore trade unions were limited in the way in which they could represent workers.As employers wanted employers to just abide to their demands and employees believed they had no rights they went along with what managers expected. Jobs was also scarce therefore going against employers could of led to their dismissal. Therefore trade unions involvement was seen as unnecessary. 2. 2 SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE 1960 On the 21 March 1960 masses of black people gathered at local police station, without their passes. Passes were compulsory for black people during this time and failure to carrying it was considered illegal. Protesters chanted and challenged neither police to arrest them for nor carrying their passes.The purpose of the protest was to demonstrate against pass laws. The march was coordinated by Pac. The protest was planned to be a non-violent protest that was planned to last five days starting from the 21st of March 1960. However the events on that day led to police firing on the crowd, killing 69 unarmed protesters and injuring hundreds. 2. 2. 1 The significance of Sharpeville Massacre 1960 The event sparked a major turning point in South Africa history. The Sharpeville Massacre as this day is known as received international coverage and the world was left shocked. There the world condemned the happenings in South Africa at that time.South Africa’s exclusion from the British Commonwealth 1961 marked the first diplomatic defeat against the Apartheid government. The government justified their actions by the possibility of black violence that could have sparked. South Africa was later sanctioned. The event was the reason public meetings were banned after that dreadful day, the 24th March 1960. On the 8th of April 1960 the ANC and PAC was banned and a State of Emergency was declared. 2. 1. 2 The impact Sharpeville Massacre had on labour legislation in South Africa The Suppression Act passed in the 1950’s was replaced by the Internal Security Act No. 4. The act defined communism as any policie aimed at brings about political, industrial, social and economical change in a union. It was evident that the Act was very broad. In 1960 the Unlawful Act No. 24 resulted in the ANC being banned. THE Suppression Act was then as a result of the happenings of the Sharpeville Massacre tightened. The Bantu Regulations Act No. 61 banned black workers from looking for employment in towns. Employers were also banned from hiring black workers unless they were employed through the State. 2. 2. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles 2. . 2. 1 State The State in this case was the NP government. The State was responsible for the employer-employee relations. The government continued to further disadvantage black workers. This caused much tension as employers were being heavily controlled. 2. 2. 2. 2 Employers The employers had to adhere to the changes made by government. Therefore they had to adapt to the policies and labour legislations this caused tension between the private sector and public sector. 2. 2. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 2. 3. 1 RadicalismConflict could not be resolved during this period by bargaining. Drastic measures were taken by international countries as they tried to stop the Apartheid regime. The Apartheid Government was exploiting the black workers and black people in general. The incidents that took place at Sharpeville were an example of how crimes against humanity were being made. The changes government made regarding who the employers can hire and where employers could work demonstrated the drastic steps taken by the government to keep their power and continue racial segregation. 2. 3 NATAL STRIKES 1973In 1973 bodies were being established which aimed for promotion of black workers interests. However the momentum towards dispention was mainly due to the Natal Strikes 1973. During 1973 an estimated 61 000 African and Indian workers in Natal took it upon themselves to go on strike. The strike took place in various industries and ultimately the industry was brought to a standstill. The strike began at the Coronation Brick which spread to the textile industry and later other industries as well as the Durban municipality. The strikes were purely coordinated by the workers themselves and not by any formal organisations.The workers were generally unsatisfied with their wages. This was mainly due to the fact that inflation was rapidly increasing at that time. 2. 3. 1 The significance of the Natal strikes 1973 The strikes were significant as it marked the first time workers embarked on such a large scale strike without the coordination of any formal organisations. Therefore this event demonstrated the actual power the workers possessed as a united force. This power meant that they could apply pressure on government on labour issues, such as employer-employee relations and minimum wages.Once the strikes ended black workers organised themselves into trade unions. These unions were separate from the trade unions which existed at the time. The trade unions which existed were mainly dominated by white workers. Therefore the newly formed black unions were referred to as â€Å"independent trade unions†. Although the strikes were illegal according to the labour legislation at the time, there were no arrests made. The large number of workers that participated in the strike action made it difficult for employers as well as the pol ice to punish them for their illegal strikes. . 3. 2 The impact the Natal strikes had on labour legislation in South Africa Due to the Natal strikes black workers new found power led to them being recognised as a force to be reckoned with. Therefore government responded by passing the Bantu Regulations Act of 1973. The Act was passed to regulate the procedures for establishing labour committees and disputes amongst employers and employees. This was crucial for government as the joint power of the workers put pressure on government and employers to accommodate them.The Act did not foster development of black unionism which was evident as black workers were assembled into committees created by employers and lacked bargaining power. The provisions of the Act excluded black worker in agriculture, gold and mining as well as government services. 2. 3. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Natal strikes 1 973 were the following: 2. 3. 2. 1 Employees Employees are regarded as someone who works for someone else and in exchange receives remuneration.In this case the employees were the employees of Coronation Brick, textile industry and Durban municipality. Their roles consisted of the following: * Obedience and abiding decisions made by employer- Even though striking was illegal according to the labour legislation and they could face dismissal. These employees disregarded the law and their employer’s authority and decisions not to strike. * The assistance in the production of products- Strikes put these factories at financial risk as production was brought to a standstill. Without the employees assistance production could not take place. Participate in decision making of the organisation- Employees sought to have an opinion in matters that concerned the organisation. Yet they were refused by employers to have their say. The workers unexpected strike was the result of workers who made it known to employers and government that they are not satisfied with their wages and that they require an increase. 2. 3. 2. 2 Employers In this case the employers are the owners and management Coronation Brick and the companies that formed part of the textile industry such as Smith and Nephew Textile. Responsibility for the conduction of a successful organisation- As the factories aimed at making large profits they paid employees low wages. However the cheap labour resulted in short-term profitability. The large companies could not compete internationally as sanctions were put on South Africa and investor’s pulling out. * Coming up with strategies to deal with the Natal strikes- Various employers reacted in different ways to employees involved in the Natal strikes. These included the following: * Threatened dismissal Granted wage increases * Attempted to talk to workers and resolve the matter * Some made no attempts * Ensure growth- The industries were at a standstill which meant no production but there were still expenses. Therefore there was no growth. 2. 3. 2. 3 State The State is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this case South African State consisted of the NP government. Their role was to regulate the employee-employer relationship as unemployment was high and wage disputes were rife. The government was to keep the economy stable.Yet inflation was increasing at a rapid pace. Government was not using labour legislation to improve the labour relations in the country at the time. Employees were not given increases even though inflation was high which further economically disadvantage black. 2. 3. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 3. 3. 1 Radicalism Employers embarked on an unexpected illegal strike. This was a great risk as they could have been arrested. The circumstances which they were faced with led to this dramatic, unexpected decision to go on strike.Black workers were being exploited economically as they were paid extremely low wages without increase, even though inflation was rapidly on the high. Before the 1973 strikes attempts were made to solve wage issue. However this was not seen as a great priority to government. 3. CONCLUSION South Africa’s industrial relations history most significant period was the Apartheid era. It has and still influences today’s labour relations. Hence the importance of being well acquainted with the events which shaped the society we live in today.During the Apartheid era the National Party government used repressive legislation to legally enforce racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. There were key events during Apartheid such as the establishment of the Botha Commission, Sharpeville Massacre and the Natal strikes of 1973. Within the time periods these key events occurred white workers prospered under the rule of the National Party government whereas non-white workers were excluded. The government used the labour force to further racially divide South Africans.Therefore equality amongst the races did not exist which was their aim. However tension escalated within the country. As a result, strike action and protests soon persisted and government had to find ways to handle the conflict. Hence the use of labour laws as controls mechanisms by government. As Apartheid reached its boiling point the economy suffered and the government had to start considering the inevitable, democracy. 4. PERSONAL LEARNING REFLECTION Conducting research into South Africa labour history was a great learning experience as a Human Resource Management student and employee as well as a South African.Researching the labour history made it abundantly clear that clear that there needs to be understanding of the country’s history, in particular the labour history, not for hatred, but to avoid repetition of the imbalances of the Apartheid era. In contrast with the Apartheid government, the present government has made large strides in creating a country which exudes freedom, equality and non-discrimination. The research conducted not only gave me the opportunity to broaden my knowledge of labour history and improving my researching skills, but it gave me a new appreciation for the county’s government, laws and labour legislations.Sometimes it is easy to criticise the government, yet no thought is spared for those political figures, leaders and employees that fought for what ultimately exist today, in particular the labour laws which aim at protecting the employee. Focusing on the Apartheid era (1949-1973) I have come to understand that the labour market had fallen prey to the Apartheid government, and that we are still experiencing the effects of the Apartheid government’s actions. Labour legislations in today’s time are aimed at eradicating the imbalances of the past.Therefore as a potential Human Resource Manag er understanding the realities of what occurred and how it impacted the labour market in the past remains of curial importance. The National Party wanted supremacy yet they did not realise their actions would have major consequences. I view this as an example of how power used for greed and personal gain has tremendous consequences for all parties involved. Therefore as I have learnt these mistakes made in the past demonstrates how it can be used constructively as a point of reference when dealing with labour legislations to avoid the mistakes which were previously made by the Apartheid government.Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always aim Researching the past has made it clear that our diversity needs to be embraced, not frowned upon because we need to be united and not divided as we were in the Apartheid era. Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always make sure our diversity is represented in our lab our laws. Most importantly not being able to understand our past labour history we will not fully understand why they exist.